Human Rights
Human rights are rights that all people have, regardless of their country, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, or any other trait.
Among others, this includes: physical integrity rights, such as not being killed or tortured; civil rights, such as practicing their religion and moving freely in their country; and political rights, such as freedoms of speech and association.
The protection of these rights allows people to live the lives they want and to thrive in them.
Human rights have become much more protected, but this varies a lot between countries. And not everyone enjoys the same protections: people are often marginalized because of their gender, sexuality, or ethnicity.
On this page, you can find data, visualizations, and writing on how the protection of human rights has changed over time, how it differs across countries, and how it varies between people of different genders, sexualities, and ethnicities.
We have additional topic pages related to people’s economic and social rights, such as on food, health, and education, and dedicated topic pages for women’s rights and LGBT+ rights.
Key Insights on Human Rights
Human rights have become much more protected around the world
Human rights are much better protected than they were one or two hundred years ago.
In the late 18th century, human rights were poorly protected. In many countries, people’s physical integrity and private and political civil liberties were not respected by their governments. The chart shows — based on data from Varieties of Democracy — that countries received an average score of only 0.3, on a scale from 0 to 1 (most rights).
Importantly, this early data does not include many countries that were colonies before 1900. There, human rights were likely protected even less.
During the 19th century, the protection of human rights slowly improved. But in the first half of the 20th century, some of this progress was undone, particularly during the World Wars.
The protection of human rights then improved massively in the second half of the 20th century. However, this progress has not been linear: there have been setbacks in the 1970s and recent years.
Despite these setbacks, human rights remain much more protected than only half a century ago.
The changes over time look broadly similar if we instead look at the extent to which people‘s human rights are protected by weighing a country’s human rights score by its population.1
What you should know about this data
- We rely on the Civil Liberties Index by the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project2 to measure human rights.
- The Civil Liberties Index scores each country on a spectrum, with some countries protecting human rights more than others. More specifically, this entails:
Physical integrity rights: people are free and protected from government torture and political killings
Private civil liberties: people are free from forced labor, have property rights, and enjoy freedoms of movement (move freely within, to, and from the country) and religion (choose and practice their faith)
Political civil liberties: people enjoy freedoms of association (parties and civil society organizations can form and operate freely) and expression (they can voice their views, and the media can present different political perspectives)
- We expand the years and countries covered by the V-Dem data.
Human rights are much more protected in some countries than in others
There are large differences across countries in the extent to which human rights are protected.
The chart shows the distribution of the latest human rights scores — using data from the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project — across the world. Countries with high scores have well-protected human rights. This especially includes countries in Europe and the Americas. But there are some countries across all regions that protect their inhabitants’ human rights well.
In countries where human rights are not protected, political violence lingers, people’s rights to their property can be tenuous, and their ability to move around the country and abroad, practice their religion, and voice their opinions and organize are limited or outright oppressed. These countries are concentrated in Africa and Asia.
While large differences between countries remain, many now protect human rights well, and almost all protect human rights much more than they did in the past.
What you should know about this data
- We rely on the Civil Liberties Index by the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project2 to measure human rights.
- The Civil Liberties Index scores each country on a spectrum, with some countries protecting human rights more than others. More specifically, this entails:
Physical integrity rights: people are free and protected from government torture and political killings
Private civil liberties: people are free from forced labor, have property rights, and enjoy freedoms of movement (move freely within, to, and from the country) and religion (choose and practice their faith)
Political civil liberties: people enjoy freedoms of association (parties and civil society organizations can form and operate freely) and expression (they can voice their views, and the media can present different political perspectives)
- We expand the years and countries covered by the V-Dem data.
Women’s rights are now much more protected, but there are big differences between countries
Women’s rights are much better protected than they were even 50 years ago.
In the late 18th century, women’s rights were poorly protected. In most countries, women did not enjoy civil liberties, could not participate in civil society, and were not represented in politics. The chart shows that the global average score for women’s political empowerment — based on data from Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) — was just 0.12 on the scale from 0 to 1 (with 1 being the highest).
The protection of women’s rights did not change much over the 19th century. It became slightly easier for women to access the justice system, and they could discuss political issues more freely, but strong limits on their civil rights and participation in society and politics remained.3
These rights became much better protected in the 20th century, especially in the second half. Women became freer to move around their countries and abroad and to participate in civil society. They gained the right to vote and seats in parliament in almost all countries, as well as access to senior government offices, up to the chief executive level.
These rights became much better protected in the 20th century, especially in the second half. Women became freer to move around their countries and abroad and to participate in civil society. They gained the right to vote and seats in parliament in almost all countries, as well as access to senior government offices, up to the chief executive level.
This looks similar if we consider the extent to which women’s rights are protected by weighing a country’s score by its population.1
But this progress has been uneven and limited. There are large differences in the protection of women’s rights across countries.
Even in countries that score highly on this index, women’s rights are not protected to the same extent as the rights of men: women are more frequently subjected to sexual violence, receive less pay for the same work, and remain underrepresented in parliaments, ministries, and among chief executives.
We have a dedicated topic page on women’s rights with more data and research:
Women’s Rights
How has the protection of women’s rights changed over time? How does it differ across countries? Explore global data and research on women’s rights.
What you should know about this data
- We rely on the Women’s Political Empowerment Index by the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project2 to measure women’s rights.
- The Women’s Political Empowerment Index scores each country on a spectrum, with some countries empowering women politically more than others. More specifically, this entails:
Women’s civil liberties: women are free from forced labor, have property rights and access to the justice system, and enjoy freedom of movement (move unrestricted within, to, and from the country)
Women’s civil society participation: women can discuss political issues, participate in civil society organizations, and are represented among journalists
Women’s political participation: women are represented in the legislature and have an equal share of political power
- We expand the years and countries covered by the V-Dem data.
LGBT+ people’s rights have become more protected in some countries
The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and other people outside traditional sexuality and gender categories have become better protected in some countries.
In the early 1990s, few LGBT+ rights were protected. The chart shows — based on data from researcher Kristopher Velasco — that there were very few countries that protected core LGBT+ rights beyond the right to engage in same-sex sexual acts. There were no countries where same-sex partners could marry or adopt. None where a third gender was recognized, and only two where the gender marker could be legally changed with ease.
Over the last few decades, LGBT+ rights have become more protected in many countries. Same-sex sexual acts are now legal in most countries, and same-sex marriage and adoption, third-gender recognition, and gender marker changes are slowly expanding across countries.
Yet, most countries still fail to acknowledge these core rights. Some have even recently implemented policies actively restricting rights, such as explicitly banning same-sex marriages. Even in countries that legally protect these rights, LGBT+ people are still discriminated against in their daily lives, such as by disproportionately being subject to violence or struggling to access adequate healthcare.
The trends and differences between countries look similar if we look at the more recent data from Equaldex on same-sex sexual acts, marriage, and gender marker changes.
We have an article that discusses the trends in more detail:
LGBT+ rights have become more protected in dozens of countries, but are not recognized across most of the world
Despite progress, same-sex marriage, adoption, gender marker changes, and third genders remain unrecognized in many countries. Some have even imposed more regressive policies.
What you should know about this data
- We rely on data from Kristopher Velasco4, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at Princeton University, to measure LGBT+ rights.
- We do not include countries if they only partially protected these rights, such as when laws differ across the country.
Research & Writing
Women have made major advances in politics — but the world is still far from equal
Women have gained the right to vote and sit in parliament almost everywhere. But they remain underrepresented, especially in the highest offices.
LGBT+ rights have become more protected in dozens of countries, but are not recognized across most of the world
Despite progress, same-sex marriage, adoption, gender marker changes, and third genders remain unrecognized in many countries. Some have even imposed more regressive policies.
Interactive Charts on Human Rights
Human rights index
Distribution of human rights index
Number of countries protecting core LGBT+ rights
Number of countries with key economic and social rights for women
Women's political empowerment index
Countries by share of women in parliament
Equal rights protection indexV-Dem
Freedom of association indexV-Dem
Freedom of expression indexV-Dem
Human rights indexweighted by population
Human rights index vs. GDP per capita
Human rights index vs. electoral democracy index
Individual liberties and equality before the law index
Physical integrity rights indexweighted by population
Physical integrity rights indexV-Dem
Physical integrity rights scoreFariss et al.
Political civil liberties index
Political civil liberties indexweighted by population
Press freedomFreedom House
Press freedom indexReporters Sans Frontieres
Private civil liberties index
Private civil liberties indexweighted by population
Women's civil liberties index
Confirmed killings of human rights defenders, journalists and trade unionists
Equality of civil liberties across social groups indexweighted by population
Equality of civil liberties across social groups index
LGBT+ legal equality index
LGBT+ rights index
Share of women in parliamentV-Dem
Endnotes
This means that populous countries matter more when calculating the average than countries with small populations.
Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Ana Good God, Sandra Grahn, Allen Hicken, Katrin Kinzelbach, Joshua Krusell, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Natalia Natsika, Anja Neundorf, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Oskar Rydén, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2023. V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v13. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
The score jumps in 1900 because V-Dem covers many more countries since then (which often were colonies at first).
Velasco, Kristopher. 2020. Transnational Backlash and the Deinstitutionalization of Liberal Norms: LGBT+ Rights in a Contested World.
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Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this topic page, please also cite the underlying data sources. This topic page can be cited as:
Bastian Herre and Pablo Arriagada (2016) - “Human Rights” Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: 'https://ourworldindata.org/human-rights' [Online Resource]BibTeX citation
@article{owid-human-rights,
author = {Bastian Herre and Pablo Arriagada},
title = {Human Rights},
journal = {Our World in Data},
year = {2016},
note = {https://ourworldindata.org/human-rights}
}
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