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Greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions include carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from all sources, including land-use change. They are measured in tonnes ofcarbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale.

Annual greenhouse gas emissions including land use tonnes of CO₂ equivalents
Country/area
1850
2023
Absolute Change
Relative Change
Afghanistan7,435,743.5 t40,081,420.0 t+32,645,676.5 t+439%
Albania1,398,595.8 t7,673,294.0 t+6,274,698.2 t+449%
Algeria2,600,273.2 t282,644,860.0 t+280,044,586.8 t+10,770%
Andorra34,653.4 t534,148.0 t+499,494.6 t+1,441%
Angola6,953,629.0 t174,713,200.0 t+167,759,571.0 t+2,413%
Antigua and Barbuda49,262.6 t717,083.3 t+667,820.6 t+1,356%
Argentina30,305,736.0 t422,011,420.0 t+391,705,684.0 t+1,293%
Armenia955,062.0 t10,587,204.0 t+9,632,142.0 t+1,009%
Australia46,863,616.0 t580,987,500.0 t+534,123,884.0 t+1,140%
Austria8,250,350.5 t67,949,420.0 t+59,699,069.5 t+724%
Azerbaijan3,453,228.0 t77,124,920.0 t+73,671,692.0 t+2,133%
Bahamas13,877.5 t2,937,196.0 t+2,923,318.5 t+21,065%
Bahrain18,946.9 t66,997,704.0 t+66,978,757.1 t+353,508%
Bangladesh40,390,330.0 t263,613,550.0 t+223,223,220.0 t+553%
Barbados89,455.8 t1,418,390.1 t+1,328,934.3 t+1,486%
Belarus39,375,748.0 t107,033,384.0 t+67,657,636.0 t+172%
Belgium21,659,418.0 t106,821,290.0 t+85,161,872.0 t+393%
Belize221,822.0 t7,455,216.5 t+7,233,394.5 t+3,261%
Benin-1,279,188.2 t26,241,766.0 t+27,520,954.2 t+2,151%
Bhutan825,694.6 t5,002,948.5 t+4,177,253.9 t+506%
Bolivia17,391,358.0 t143,291,340.0 t+125,899,982.0 t+724%
Bosnia and Herzegovina3,518,462.8 t26,790,844.0 t+23,272,381.2 t+661%
Botswana701,759.4 t31,376,644.0 t+30,674,884.6 t+4,371%
Brazil46,168,044.0 t2,381,904,100.0 t+2,335,736,056.0 t+5,059%
Brunei46,080.6 t17,136,782.0 t+17,090,701.4 t+37,089%
Bulgaria6,823,212.0 t46,631,144.0 t+39,807,932.0 t+583%
Burkina Faso1,720,309.6 t58,260,780.0 t+56,540,470.4 t+3,287%
Burundi1,630,295.4 t9,505,049.0 t+7,874,753.6 t+483%
Cambodia6,117,078.5 t82,998,490.0 t+76,881,411.5 t+1,257%
Cameroon2,991,633.0 t65,175,024.0 t+62,183,391.0 t+2,079%
Canada75,959,210.0 t800,006,300.0 t+724,047,090.0 t+953%
Cape Verde15,581.8 t846,779.4 t+831,197.6 t+5,334%
Central African Republic1,283,612.9 t27,661,616.0 t+26,378,003.1 t+2,055%
Chad6,635,499.0 t121,708,210.0 t+115,072,711.0 t+1,734%
Chile8,624,484.0 t107,987,610.0 t+99,363,126.0 t+1,152%
China432,472,400.0 t13,968,915,000.0 t+13,536,442,600.0 t+3,130%
Colombia36,408,230.0 t259,001,860.0 t+222,593,630.0 t+611%
Comoros69,752.4 t1,157,424.6 t+1,087,672.3 t+1,559%
Congo3,495,342.5 t39,861,264.0 t+36,365,921.5 t+1,040%
Cook Islands5,060.9 t79,122.2 t+74,061.3 t+1,463%
Costa Rica2,375,454.5 t19,494,308.0 t+17,118,853.5 t+721%
Cote d'Ivoire47,125,236.0 t121,568,840.0 t+74,443,604.0 t+158%
Croatia3,021,713.5 t21,197,424.0 t+18,175,710.5 t+602%
Cuba8,629,983.0 t41,890,804.0 t+33,260,821.0 t+385%
Cyprus372,439.7 t9,720,386.0 t+9,347,946.3 t+2,510%
Czechia15,667,902.0 t91,887,160.0 t+76,219,258.0 t+486%
Democratic Republic of Congo22,559,794.0 t554,607,500.0 t+532,047,706.0 t+2,358%
Denmark8,533,738.0 t45,218,464.0 t+36,684,726.0 t+430%
Djibouti48,479.0 t2,091,781.0 t+2,043,302.0 t+4,215%
Dominica30,260.3 t216,072.9 t+185,812.6 t+614%
Dominican Republic814,312.0 t47,979,490.0 t+47,165,178.0 t+5,792%
East Timor1,298,811.6 t4,822,373.5 t+3,523,561.9 t+271%
Ecuador9,570,339.0 t90,609,450.0 t+81,039,111.0 t+847%
Egypt4,101,271.5 t367,538,300.0 t+363,437,028.5 t+8,862%
El Salvador3,197,231.8 t10,808,799.0 t+7,611,567.2 t+238%
Equatorial Guinea-18,615.9 t14,463,523.0 t+14,482,138.9 t+77,795%
Eritrea199,404.6 t9,422,809.0 t+9,223,404.4 t+4,625%
Estonia9,115,165.0 t13,376,935.0 t+4,261,770.0 t+47%
Eswatini234,656.0 t1,696,695.6 t+1,462,039.6 t+623%
Ethiopia33,525,456.0 t251,393,400.0 t+217,867,944.0 t+650%
Fiji1,759,738.9 t2,349,712.5 t+589,973.6 t+34%
Finland19,078,400.0 t79,206,440.0 t+60,128,040.0 t+315%
France106,030,824.0 t334,278,460.0 t+228,247,636.0 t+215%
Gabon1,177,209.5 t24,740,972.0 t+23,563,762.5 t+2,002%
Gambia204,092.0 t3,640,684.0 t+3,436,592.0 t+1,684%
Georgia7,383,464.5 t11,928,225.0 t+4,544,760.5 t+62%
Germany78,899,930.0 t670,626,000.0 t+591,726,070.0 t+750%
Ghana1,779,939.9 t52,540,372.0 t+50,760,432.1 t+2,852%
Greece7,146,797.5 t62,760,188.0 t+55,613,390.5 t+778%
Grenada29,449.1 t383,697.1 t+354,247.9 t+1,203%
Guatemala8,682,609.0 t64,123,484.0 t+55,440,875.0 t+639%
Guinea43,027,656.0 t51,106,756.0 t+8,079,100.0 t+19%
Guinea-Bissau400,754.8 t4,886,500.0 t+4,485,745.3 t+1,119%
Guyana6,539,582.5 t11,398,960.0 t+4,859,377.5 t+74%
Haiti2,990,859.2 t13,845,915.0 t+10,855,055.8 t+363%
Honduras8,239,026.5 t34,338,428.0 t+26,099,401.5 t+317%
Hong Kong27,577.0 t40,356,460.0 t+40,328,883.0 t+146,241%
Hungary16,861,890.0 t49,305,810.0 t+32,443,920.0 t+192%
Iceland691,037.5 t5,007,952.0 t+4,316,914.5 t+625%
India348,631,900.0 t4,196,448,800.0 t+3,847,816,900.0 t+1,104%
Indonesia96,917,464.0 t1,921,864,000.0 t+1,824,946,536.0 t+1,883%
Iran10,874,947.0 t1,065,222,340.0 t+1,054,347,393.0 t+9,695%
Iraq1,437,942.2 t338,302,000.0 t+336,864,057.8 t+23,427%
Ireland44,415,576.0 t57,659,532.0 t+13,243,956.0 t+30%
Israel489,787.1 t81,208,930.0 t+80,719,142.9 t+16,480%
Italy27,369,666.0 t361,999,170.0 t+334,629,504.0 t+1,223%
Jamaica928,781.8 t8,368,693.0 t+7,439,911.2 t+801%
Japan24,931,890.0 t1,031,619,600.0 t+1,006,687,710.0 t+4,038%
Jordan134,867.7 t29,364,456.0 t+29,229,588.3 t+21,673%
Kazakhstan29,608,076.0 t339,958,800.0 t+310,350,724.0 t+1,048%
Kenya4,430,054.5 t112,316,770.0 t+107,886,715.5 t+2,435%
Kiribati2,670.9 t109,056.2 t+106,385.3 t+3,983%
Kuwait60,591.9 t140,344,240.0 t+140,283,648.1 t+231,522%
Kyrgyzstan2,741,023.5 t20,876,172.0 t+18,135,148.5 t+662%
Laos4,430,719.0 t53,208,250.0 t+48,777,531.0 t+1,101%
Latvia9,375,545.0 t14,305,500.0 t+4,929,955.0 t+53%
Lebanon200,814.8 t25,046,318.0 t+24,845,503.2 t+12,372%
Lesotho188,566.5 t6,183,699.5 t+5,995,133.0 t+3,179%
Liberia14,655,536.0 t23,770,684.0 t+9,115,148.0 t+62%
Libya325,607.8 t95,388,500.0 t+95,062,892.3 t+29,196%
Liechtenstein15,724.9 t172,903.5 t+157,178.6 t+1,000%
Lithuania17,114,536.0 t22,702,288.0 t+5,587,752.0 t+33%
Luxembourg601,897.5 t7,889,374.5 t+7,287,477.0 t+1,211%
Macao9,038.1 t1,223,717.0 t+1,214,678.9 t+13,439%
Madagascar14,154,310.0 t57,834,160.0 t+43,679,850.0 t+309%
Malawi1,216,188.2 t29,711,926.0 t+28,495,737.8 t+2,343%
Malaysia14,452,171.0 t415,634,240.0 t+401,182,069.0 t+2,776%
Maldives2,222.1 t2,310,398.5 t+2,308,176.4 t+103,874%
Mali3,645,832.0 t67,966,280.0 t+64,320,448.0 t+1,764%
Malta49,547.8 t1,995,795.8 t+1,946,248.0 t+3,928%
Mauritania1,811,489.5 t17,651,788.0 t+15,840,298.5 t+874%
Mauritius82,702.8 t5,046,935.0 t+4,964,232.2 t+6,002%
Mexico24,054,384.0 t777,871,040.0 t+753,816,656.0 t+3,134%
Micronesia (country)56,344.1 t171,730.5 t+115,386.4 t+205%
Moldova4,018,556.2 t6,999,217.5 t+2,980,661.3 t+74%
Mongolia18,589,346.0 t92,698,010.0 t+74,108,664.0 t+399%
Montenegro1,251,435.2 t1,542,788.9 t+291,353.7 t+23%
Morocco5,213,973.5 t106,528,190.0 t+101,314,216.5 t+1,943%
Mozambique9,144,356.0 t69,855,640.0 t+60,711,284.0 t+664%
Myanmar47,737,788.0 t205,389,580.0 t+157,651,792.0 t+330%
Namibia532,386.3 t22,577,842.0 t+22,045,455.7 t+4,141%
Nauru168.5 t59,884.6 t+59,716.2 t+35,447%
Nepal8,883,362.0 t61,135,030.0 t+52,251,668.0 t+588%
Netherlands15,762,111.0 t153,143,840.0 t+137,381,729.0 t+872%
New Zealand23,636,296.0 t79,288,000.0 t+55,651,704.0 t+235%
Nicaragua7,028,678.0 t41,914,320.0 t+34,885,642.0 t+496%
Niger3,610,385.0 t60,733,464.0 t+57,123,079.0 t+1,582%
Nigeria10,537,607.0 t399,880,320.0 t+389,342,713.0 t+3,695%
Niue1,952.5 t7,766.3 t+5,813.8 t+298%
North Korea13,885,412.0 t82,946,504.0 t+69,061,092.0 t+497%
North Macedonia1,173,510.8 t8,918,672.0 t+7,745,161.2 t+660%
Norway11,637,758.0 t70,912,070.0 t+59,274,312.0 t+509%
Oman223,459.9 t122,909,660.0 t+122,686,200.1 t+54,903%
Pakistan20,008,806.0 t521,927,200.0 t+501,918,394.0 t+2,508%
Palau10,579.4 t301,991.3 t+291,411.8 t+2,755%
Panama2,799,204.0 t25,317,184.0 t+22,517,980.0 t+804%
Papua New Guinea-2,411,089.0 t52,884,280.0 t+55,295,369.0 t+2,293%
Paraguay3,177,763.0 t82,089,210.0 t+78,911,447.0 t+2,483%
Peru9,224,413.0 t140,411,540.0 t+131,187,127.0 t+1,422%
Philippines44,214,330.0 t284,404,060.0 t+240,189,730.0 t+543%
Poland52,697,530.0 t338,916,380.0 t+286,218,850.0 t+543%
Portugal4,682,929.5 t54,141,936.0 t+49,459,006.5 t+1,056%
Qatar24,550.9 t203,970,200.0 t+203,945,649.1 t+830,705%
Romania23,077,984.0 t96,832,860.0 t+73,754,876.0 t+320%
Russia418,860,600.0 t2,691,068,200.0 t+2,272,207,600.0 t+542%
Rwanda1,129,900.2 t10,699,637.0 t+9,569,736.8 t+847%
Saint Kitts and Nevis86,757.6 t268,783.3 t+182,025.8 t+210%
Saint Lucia11,809.1 t572,420.5 t+560,611.4 t+4,747%
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines29,732.4 t284,444.6 t+254,712.2 t+857%
Samoa181,271.4 t376,444.1 t+195,172.7 t+108%
Sao Tome and Principe53,133.3 t290,164.2 t+237,030.9 t+446%
Saudi Arabia-690,279.7 t879,087,200.0 t+879,777,479.7 t+127,452%
Senegal1,834,833.0 t32,271,778.0 t+30,436,945.0 t+1,659%
Serbia9,128,071.0 t45,890,030.0 t+36,761,959.0 t+403%
Seychelles3,306.4 t658,681.5 t+655,375.1 t+19,822%
Sierra Leone2,295,756.0 t16,629,090.0 t+14,333,334.0 t+624%
Singapore359,938.9 t56,959,340.0 t+56,599,401.1 t+15,725%
Slovakia5,974,036.0 t27,257,910.0 t+21,283,874.0 t+356%
Slovenia1,188,987.1 t16,490,728.0 t+15,301,740.9 t+1,287%
Solomon Islands641,570.3 t3,042,024.0 t+2,400,453.8 t+374%
Somalia3,459,248.0 t45,544,636.0 t+42,085,388.0 t+1,217%
South Africa2,952,494.2 t512,957,250.0 t+510,004,755.8 t+17,274%
South Korea10,742,522.0 t626,952,200.0 t+616,209,678.0 t+5,736%
South Sudan5,345,278.5 t64,298,440.0 t+58,953,161.5 t+1,103%
Spain24,604,706.0 t282,617,760.0 t+258,013,054.0 t+1,049%
Sri Lanka13,241,994.0 t41,167,228.0 t+27,925,234.0 t+211%
Sudan12,745,389.0 t149,090,860.0 t+136,345,471.0 t+1,070%
Suriname270,976.2 t6,286,278.0 t+6,015,301.8 t+2,220%
Sweden26,708,596.0 t70,233,270.0 t+43,524,674.0 t+163%
Switzerland5,157,702.0 t40,055,144.0 t+34,897,442.0 t+677%
Syria2,659,100.2 t38,136,892.0 t+35,477,791.8 t+1,334%
Taiwan1,180,011.2 t285,469,760.0 t+284,289,748.8 t+24,092%
Tajikistan1,402,981.5 t21,202,286.0 t+19,799,304.5 t+1,411%
Tanzania8,496,593.0 t209,198,850.0 t+200,702,257.0 t+2,362%
Thailand18,669,754.0 t416,851,800.0 t+398,182,046.0 t+2,133%
Togo306,297.7 t11,890,758.0 t+11,584,460.3 t+3,782%
Tonga50,196.2 t324,135.4 t+273,939.2 t+546%
Trinidad and Tobago619,766.6 t48,553,910.0 t+47,934,143.4 t+7,734%
Tunisia730,058.5 t46,755,140.0 t+46,025,081.5 t+6,304%
Turkey20,490,540.0 t611,702,800.0 t+591,212,260.0 t+2,885%
Turkmenistan4,026,069.0 t122,404,904.0 t+118,378,835.0 t+2,940%
Turks and Caicos Islands297.3 t382,229.9 t+381,932.5 t+128,453%
Tuvalu814.8 t21,881.3 t+21,066.5 t+2,586%
Uganda5,475,263.5 t65,145,920.0 t+59,670,656.5 t+1,090%
Ukraine64,977,904.0 t214,934,880.0 t+149,956,976.0 t+231%
United Arab Emirates83,567.4 t283,849,440.0 t+283,765,872.6 t+339,565%
United Kingdom198,294,800.0 t392,245,120.0 t+193,950,320.0 t+98%
United States868,698,940.0 t5,894,857,000.0 t+5,026,158,060.0 t+579%
Uruguay5,926,391.0 t41,451,616.0 t+35,525,225.0 t+599%
Uzbekistan6,916,384.5 t208,706,830.0 t+201,790,445.5 t+2,918%
Vanuatu180,770.7 t610,598.1 t+429,827.4 t+238%
Venezuela32,023,040.0 t171,236,670.0 t+139,213,630.0 t+435%
Vietnam36,695,788.0 t535,747,800.0 t+499,052,012.0 t+1,360%
Yemen1,963,180.0 t31,184,456.0 t+29,221,276.0 t+1,488%
Zambia8,978,224.0 t88,250,850.0 t+79,272,626.0 t+883%
Zimbabwe1,054,763.9 t33,955,148.0 t+32,900,384.1 t+3,119%
Other
Africa305,593,380.0 t4,661,945,300.0 t+4,356,351,920.0 t+1,426%
Asia1,306,656,300.0 t29,987,090,000.0 t+28,680,433,700.0 t+2,195%
Asia (excl. China and India)525,551,940.0 t11,821,727,000.0 t+11,296,175,060.0 t+2,149%
Europe1,314,620,000.0 t6,734,118,400.0 t+5,419,498,400.0 t+412%
Europe (excl. EU-27)759,534,500.0 t3,628,953,000.0 t+2,869,418,500.0 t+378%
Europe (excl. EU-28)561,239,740.0 t3,236,707,800.0 t+2,675,468,060.0 t+477%
European Union (27)555,085,440.0 t3,105,165,600.0 t+2,550,080,160.0 t+459%
European Union (28)753,380,200.0 t3,497,410,600.0 t+2,744,030,400.0 t+364%
High-income countries2,267,206,700.0 t17,751,515,000.0 t+15,484,308,300.0 t+683%
Least developed countries (Jones et al.)338,244,770.0 t3,087,871,000.0 t+2,749,626,230.0 t+813%
Low-income countries171,286,400.0 t1,906,607,400.0 t+1,735,321,000.0 t+1,013%
Lower-middle-income countries770,067,200.0 t8,809,557,000.0 t+8,039,489,800.0 t+1,044%
North America1,015,581,250.0 t7,849,237,000.0 t+6,833,655,750.0 t+673%
North America (excl. USA)146,882,260.0 t1,954,379,800.0 t+1,807,497,540.0 t+1,231%
OECD (Jones et al.)1,880,797,200.0 t14,307,985,000.0 t+12,427,187,800.0 t+661%
Oceania70,979,960.0 t726,781,950.0 t+655,801,990.0 t+924%
South America205,630,350.0 t3,857,680,100.0 t+3,652,049,750.0 t+1,776%
Upper-middle-income countries1,010,493,900.0 t25,348,710,000.0 t+24,338,216,100.0 t+2,409%
World4,219,061,200.0 t53,816,852,000.0 t+49,597,790,800.0 t+1,176%
Related: CO₂ data: sources, methods and FAQs
Data

Annual greenhouse gas emissions including land use

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CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions

About this data

Annual greenhouse gas emissions including land use
are measured in tonnes of over a 100-year timescale.
Source
Jones et al. (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data
Last updated
November 21, 2024
Next expected update
November 2025
Date range
1850–2023
Unit
tonnes of CO₂ equivalents

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Greenhouse gas emissions

Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado, and Max Roser
Sustainable development goal 13: Climate Action

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Our World in Data team

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Annual greenhouse gas emissions by world region

Sources and processing

This data is based on the following sources

A dataset describing the global warming response to national emissions CO₂, CH4 and N2O from fossil and land use sources.

National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide.

This dataset describes the global warming response to national emissions CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O from fossil and land use sources since 1851.

National CO₂ emissions data are collated from the Global Carbon Project (Andrew and Peters, 2023; Friedlingstein et al., 2023).

National CH₄ and N₂O emissions data are collated from PRIMAP-hist (HISTTP) (Gütschow et al., 2023).

A time series of cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions is constructed for each country, gas, and emissions source (fossil or land use). Emissions of CH₄ and N₂O emissions are related to cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions using the Global Warming Potential (GWP*) approach, with best-estimates of the coefficients taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021).

Warming in response to cumulative CO₂-equivalent emissions is estimated using the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions (TCRE) approach, with best-estimate value of TCRE taken from the IPCC AR6 (Forster et al., 2021, Canadell et al., 2021). 'Warming' is specifically the change in global mean surface temperature (GMST).

The data files provide emissions, cumulative emissions and the GMST response by country, gas (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O or 3-GHG total) and source (fossil emissions, land use emissions or the total).

Retrieved on
November 21, 2024
Retrieved from
https://zenodo.org/records/7636699/latest
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
Jones, Matthew W., Glen P. Peters, Thomas Gasser, Robbie M. Andrew, Clemens Schwingshackl, Johannes Gütschow, Richard A. Houghton, Pierre Friedlingstein, Julia Pongratz, and Corinne Le Quéré. “National Contributions to Climate Change Due to Historical Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide”. Scientific Data. Zenodo, November 13, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14054503.

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All data and visualizations on Our World in Data rely on data sourced from one or several original data providers. Preparing this original data involves several processing steps. Depending on the data, this can include standardizing country names and world region definitions, converting units, calculating derived indicators such as per capita measures, as well as adding or adapting metadata such as the name or the description given to an indicator.

At the link below you can find a detailed description of the structure of our data pipeline, including links to all the code used to prepare data across Our World in Data.

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Notes on our processing step for this indicator

Emissions given in tonnes have been converted to carbon-dioxide equivalents over a 100-year timescale using a conversion factor of 273 for nitrous oxide, 29.8 for methane from fossil sources, and 27.2 for methane from agricultural and land use sources. These factors are taken from the 6th Assessment Report (AR6) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

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  • All data produced by third-party providers and made available by Our World in Data are subject to the license terms from the original providers. Our work would not be possible without the data providers we rely on, so we ask you to always cite them appropriately (see below). This is crucial to allow data providers to continue doing their work, enhancing, maintaining and updating valuable data.
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Citations

How to cite this page

To cite this page overall, including any descriptions, FAQs or explanations of the data authored by Our World in Data, please use the following citation:

“Data Page: Annual greenhouse gas emissions including land use”, part of the following publication: Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado, and Max Roser (2023) - “CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions”. Data adapted from Jones et al.. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-ghg-emissions [online resource]
How to cite this data

In-line citationIf you have limited space (e.g. in data visualizations), you can use this abbreviated in-line citation:

Jones et al. (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data

Full citation

Jones et al. (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Annual greenhouse gas emissions including land use” [dataset]. Jones et al., “National contributions to climate change 2024.2” [original data]. Retrieved April 10, 2025 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-ghg-emissions

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