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Data

Annual concentration of atmospheric nitrous oxide

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Climate Change

What you should know about this indicator

Based on ice core studies of historical concentration of greenhouse gases, and recent air monitoring sites around the world.

How is this data described by its producer?

This indicator describes how the levels of major greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere have changed over geological time and in recent years. Changes in atmospheric GHGs, in part caused by human activities, affect the amount of energy held in the Earth-atmosphere system and thus affect the Earth's climate. This indicator is highly relevant to climate change because greenhouse gases from human activities are the primary driver of observed climate change since the mid-20th century (IPCC, 2021).

Annual concentration of atmospheric nitrous oxide
Measured in parts per billion.
Source
NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory - Trends in Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide (2026); EPA based on various sources (2022) – with major processing by Our World in Data
Last updated
January 14, 2026
Next expected update
May 2026
Date range
796475 BCE – 2024 CE
Unit
parts per billion

Sources and processing

This data is based on the following sources

NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory – Trends in Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide

The Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) research area operates the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, measuring the atmospheric distribution and trends of the three main long-term drivers of climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as carbon monoxide (CO) which is an important indicator of air pollution.

Retrieved on
January 14, 2026
Retrieved from
https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends_n2o/
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA (https://gml.noaa.gov) - Trends in Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide.
Lan, X., K.W. Thoning, and E.J. Dlugokencky: Trends in globally-averaged CH4, N2O, and SF6 determined from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory measurements. https://doi.org/10.15138/P8XG-AA10

The Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) research area operates the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, measuring the atmospheric distribution and trends of the three main long-term drivers of climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as carbon monoxide (CO) which is an important indicator of air pollution.

Retrieved on
January 14, 2026
Retrieved from
https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends_n2o/
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA (https://gml.noaa.gov) - Trends in Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide.
Lan, X., K.W. Thoning, and E.J. Dlugokencky: Trends in globally-averaged CH4, N2O, and SF6 determined from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory measurements. https://doi.org/10.15138/P8XG-AA10

United States Environmental Protection Agency – Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases

This indicator describes how the levels of major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have changed over time.

The data contains concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from hundreds of thousands of years ago through 2021, measured in parts per million (ppm). The data come from a variety of historical ice core studies and recent air monitoring sites around the world.

Retrieved on
April 17, 2024
Retrieved from
https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases/
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases (2022)
Global atmospheric concentration measurements for carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide come from a variety of monitoring programs and studies published in peer-reviewed literature.
More details can be found on their technical documentation.

This indicator describes how the levels of major greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have changed over time.

The data contains concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from hundreds of thousands of years ago through 2021, measured in parts per million (ppm). The data come from a variety of historical ice core studies and recent air monitoring sites around the world.

Retrieved on
April 17, 2024
Retrieved from
https://19january2025snapshot.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases/
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases (2022)
Global atmospheric concentration measurements for carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide come from a variety of monitoring programs and studies published in peer-reviewed literature.
More details can be found on their technical documentation.

How we process data at Our World in Data

All data and visualizations on Our World in Data rely on data sourced from one or several original data providers. Preparing this original data involves several processing steps. Depending on the data, this can include standardizing country names and world region definitions, converting units, calculating derived indicators such as per capita measures, as well as adding or adapting metadata such as the name or the description given to an indicator.

At the link below you can find a detailed description of the structure of our data pipeline, including links to all the code used to prepare data across Our World in Data.

Read about our data pipeline

Reuse this work

  • All data produced by third-party providers and made available by Our World in Data are subject to the license terms from the original providers. Our work would not be possible without the data providers we rely on, so we ask you to always cite them appropriately (see below). This is crucial to allow data providers to continue doing their work, enhancing, maintaining and updating valuable data.
  • All data, visualizations, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited.

Citations

How to cite this page

To cite this page overall, including any descriptions, FAQs or explanations of the data authored by Our World in Data, please use the following citation:

“Data Page: Annual concentration of atmospheric nitrous oxide”, part of the following publication: Hannah Ritchie, Pablo Rosado, and Veronika Samborska (2024) - “Climate Change”. Data adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260304-094028/grapher/nitrous-oxide-long.html [online resource] (archived on March 4, 2026).

How to cite this data

In-line citationIf you have limited space (e.g. in data visualizations), you can use this abbreviated in-line citation:

NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory - Trends in Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide (2026); EPA based on various sources (2022) – with major processing by Our World in Data

Full citation

NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory - Trends in Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide (2026); EPA based on various sources (2022) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Annual concentration of atmospheric nitrous oxide” [dataset]. NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, “Trends in Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide”; United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases” [original data]. Retrieved April 1, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260304-094028/grapher/nitrous-oxide-long.html (archived on March 4, 2026).

Download

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Download the data shown in this chart as a ZIP file containing a CSV file, metadata in JSON format, and a README. The CSV file can be opened in Excel, Google Sheets, and other data analysis tools.

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Data API

Use these URLs to programmatically access this chart's data and configure your requests with the options below. Our documentation provides more information on how to use the API, and you can find a few code examples below.

Data URL (CSV format)
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrous-oxide-long.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false
Metadata URL (JSON format)
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrous-oxide-long.metadata.json?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false

Code examples

Examples of how to load this data into different data analysis tools.

Excel / Google Sheets
=IMPORTDATA("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrous-oxide-long.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false")
Python with Pandas
import pandas as pd
import requests

# Fetch the data.
df = pd.read_csv("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrous-oxide-long.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false", storage_options = {'User-Agent': 'Our World In Data data fetch/1.0'})

# Fetch the metadata
metadata = requests.get("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrous-oxide-long.metadata.json?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false").json()
R
library(jsonlite)

# Fetch the data
df <- read.csv("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrous-oxide-long.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false")

# Fetch the metadata
metadata <- fromJSON("https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrous-oxide-long.metadata.json?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false")
Stata
import delimited "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nitrous-oxide-long.csv?v=1&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false", encoding("utf-8") clear