Two centuries ago, only 1 in 10 adults could read. Today, it’s almost 9 in 10

The median age of a country or region is the age that divides its population into two equal parts: half of the people are older, and half are younger. As the population ages, the median age rises.

That’s what this chart tracks. It shows how the median age has changed across world regions from 2000 to 2023, the most recent year for which the UN publishes estimates.

The first thing that stands out is perhaps the least surprising: some regions have much older populations than others. Africa is very young: half of its population is younger than 19. Europe is much older: half of its population is over 42.

But there’s a second point that I think receives less attention in public discussions: how quickly this is changing. Of the six world regions, Latin America is where the median age has increased the most since 2000. It rose by a third, from 23 to 31 years, in a bit less than a generation.

Europe’s population is older, but the median age has been rising more quickly in Latin America this century. That’s largely due to fertility falling later and faster in the latter.

When people think about global oil, their minds often go toward countries in the Middle East.

But it’s the United States that is the world’s largest oil producer.

The chart shows oil production by country since 1990. As you can see, the US has been the largest producer for the last nine years, since it overtook Saudi Arabia.

Production in the US gradually declined during the 1990s and early 2000s, then increased sharply after 2010 and is now at an all-time high.

This data comes from the Energy Institute’s Statistical Review of World Energy.

In 2025, the amount of foreign aid given by the world’s richest countries fell by almost a quarter. That amounted to a reduction of roughly US$50 billion.

Aid cuts in the United States — and the shutdown of its agency for international development, USAID — got the most attention, and for good reason: the US is the world’s largest aid donor in dollar terms, so its contributions make a huge difference to the global total.

But many other countries cut their aid contributions, too. In the chart, you can see the change among the largest 10 donors (in dollar terms) from 2024 to 2025. This is given as a share of their gross national income.

Contributions fell in eight of the ten countries. Only Sweden and Italy increased their budgets.

The countries shown are the largest donors in dollar terms; some others not shown contribute far more in relative terms: Norway, for example, was the only country to give more than 1% of its national income to foreign aid.

If your job was to sell cars in Turkey in 2022, selling an electric one would be an unusual day at work. Just one new car out of every 100 sales was electric.

By 2025, this had become a fairly normal day. More than one in five new cars were electric — a more than 20-fold increase in just three years. You can see this rapid takeoff in the chart.

Why did electric models become so popular? In 2023, the government introduced tax relief for electric cars, cutting the registration tax compared to petrol and diesel cars. This was timed to coincide with the launch of Turkey’s first domestic electric car manufacturer, Togg, which has quickly become the market leader. Imports of cheaper electric car models, including from China, have also made these markets more diverse and cost-competitive.

This combination of factors has made electric cars far more affordable than they were just a few years ago.

We are all surrounded by nickel. It’s one of the key ingredients in stainless steel, so most of us see it every day: from the pots we cook with, to the pipes in bathrooms, the batteries in mobile phones, and alloys in cars.

For nearly four decades, Indonesia — which has the world’s largest reserves — mined nickel but processed very little of it at home. This changed around a decade ago, when the government banned the export of raw nickel, forcing companies to process it domestically.

That’s the focus of the chart, which shows processed nickel production in tonnes among today’s largest producers.

Indonesia’s production increased more than 60-fold, going from around 22,000 tonnes in 2014 to over 1.4 million tonnes in 2023. The country went from producing 1% of the world’s total processed nickel to 41% in that period.

In 2021, Indonesia overtook China to become the world’s largest producer and is now far ahead. But much of that growth involved Chinese capital. The International Energy Agency reports that Chinese companies now own the vast majority of Indonesia’s nickel refining assets.

Over the last two decades, around 128 million hectares of forest have been cleared to make way for agriculture and forest plantations. That’s an area five times the size of the United Kingdom.

What has driven this deforestation?

A recent paper estimated the contribution of different agricultural products over the last few decades. In the chart, you can see the breakdown.

Beef production has been the largest driver by far, contributing over 40% of the total. This has mostly been the clearing of forest for grazing pasture, especially across Brazil and other countries in Latin America.

Oilseeds — mostly soy and oil palm — were the second-largest driver, again concentrated in Latin America for soy and in Indonesia and Malaysia for palm oil. While deforestation for palm oil was high in the early 2000s and 2010s, it has fallen a lot in recent years.

Forest plantations have been a large driver of deforestation in North America and East Asia. Deforestation for most other products — including cereals, roots and tubers, and cash crops like cocoa and coffee — has been concentrated in Africa, where yields have not grown quickly enough to offset rising demand.