{"chart":{"title":"Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index vs. GDP per capita","subtitle":"The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a summary measure of key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, a good education, and a decent standard of living, adjusted for inequalities in these dimensions.","note":"GDP per capita is expressed in international-$ at 2021 prices to account for inflation and differences in living costs between countries.","citation":"UNDP, Human Development Report (2025); Eurostat, OECD, IMF, and World Bank (2026)","originalChartUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/inequality-adjusted-human-development-index-vs-gdp-per-capita","selection":[]},"columns":{"Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index":{"titleShort":"Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index","titleLong":"Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index","descriptionShort":"The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a summary measure of key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, a good education, and a decent standard of living, adjusted for inequalities in these dimensions. Higher values indicate higher and more equal human development.","descriptionKey":"- The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequality in the distribution of each dimension across the population.\n- It is based on a distribution-sensitive class of composite indices proposed by Foster, Lopez-Calva and Szekely (2005), which draws on the Atkinson (1970) family of inequality measures. It is computed as a geometric mean of inequality-adjusted dimensional indices.\n- The IHDI accounts for inequalities in HDI dimensions by \"discounting\" each dimension's average value according to its level of inequality. The IHDI value equals the HDI value when there is no inequality across people but falls below the HDI value as inequality rises. In this sense the IHDI measures the level of human development when inequality is accounted for.\n- Data is originally sourced from UNDESA complete life tables (health), harmonized household-survey micro-datasets (education) and the UNU-WIDER WIID (income).","descriptionProcessing":"We calculated averages over continents and income groups by taking the population-weighted average of the countries in each group. If less than 80% of countries in an area report data for a given year, we do not calculate the average for that area.","unit":"","timespan":"2010-2023","type":"Numeric","owidVariableId":1032421,"shortName":"ihdi","lastUpdated":"2025-05-07","nextUpdate":"2026-11-30","citationShort":"UNDP, Human Development Report (2025) – with minor processing by Our World in Data","citationLong":"UNDP, Human Development Report (2025) – with minor processing by Our World in Data. “Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index – UNDP” [dataset]. UNDP, Human Development Report, “Human Development Report” [original data].","fullMetadata":"https://api.ourworldindata.org/v1/indicators/1032421.metadata.json"},"GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2021 international $)":{"titleShort":"GDP per capita","titleLong":"GDP per capita - World Bank – In constant international-$","descriptionShort":"Average economic output per person in a country or region per year. This data is adjusted for inflation and differences in living costs between countries.","descriptionKey":"- GDP per capita is a comprehensive measure of people's average income. It helps compare income levels across countries and track how they change over time. It is especially useful for understanding trends in economic growth and living standards.\n- GDP per capita is calculated as the value of all final goods and services produced each year in a country (the gross domestic product), divided by the population. It represents the average economic output per person.\n- This indicator shows the large inequality between people in different countries. In the poorest countries, average incomes are below $1,000 per year; in rich countries, they are more than 50 times higher.\n- This data is expressed in constant international dollars to adjust for inflation and differences in living costs between countries. Read more in our article, [What are international dollars?](https://ourworldindata.org/international-dollars)\n- This data comes from the World Bank and starts in 1990. For estimates going back several centuries, explore our chart of GDP per capita from the [Maddison Project Database](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-maddison-project-database).","shortUnit":"$","unit":"international-$ in 2021 prices","timespan":"1990-2025","type":"Numeric","owidVariableId":1294305,"shortName":"ny_gdp_pcap_pp_kd","lastUpdated":"2026-07-27","nextUpdate":"2027-01-23","citationShort":"Eurostat, OECD, IMF, and World Bank (2026) – with minor processing by Our World in Data","citationLong":"Eurostat, OECD, IMF, and World Bank (2026) – with minor processing by Our World in Data. “GDP per capita – World Bank – In constant international-$” [dataset]. Eurostat, OECD, IMF, and World Bank, “World Development Indicators 129” [original data].","fullMetadata":"https://api.ourworldindata.org/v1/indicators/1294305.metadata.json"},"Population":{"titleShort":"Population","titleLong":"Population","descriptionShort":"Population by country, available from 10,000 BCE to 2100, based on data and estimates from different sources.","descriptionKey":"- Population is the most commonly used metric throughout Our World in Data. It is used directly to understand population growth over time, and indirectly to calculate per-capita indicators, making it easier to compare countries of different sizes.\n- We construct this indicator by combining multiple sources covering different periods.\n  - HYDE v3.3 (2023): historical estimates from 10,000 BCE to 1799.\n  - Gapminder v7 (2022): for 1800-1949.\n  - UN World Population Prospects (2024): for 1950 onwards, including 2100 projections.\n  - Gapminder Systema Globalis (2023): additional source for former countries (Yugoslavia, USSR, etc.)\n- Breaks in the data may occur at the boundaries between sources due to their methodological differences.\n- You can read more about the sources and methodology in our [dedicated article](https://ourworldindata.org/population-sources). We also provide a table of sources showing the source we use for each country-year.\n- We calculate geographical aggregates (continents, income groups, etc.) by summing individual country populations. For years before 1800, we rely directly on HYDE's values for continents to ensure historical consistency.","descriptionProcessing":"### Combination of different sources\nWe construct our long-run population data by combining multiple sources:\n\n- 10,000 BCE–1799: historical estimates by HYDE (v3.3).\n\n- 1800–1949: historical estimates by Gapminder (v7).\n\n- 1950–2023: population records from the United Nations World Population Prospects (2024 revision).\n\n- 2024-2100: Projections based on Medium variant by the UN World Population Prospects (2024 revision).\n\n**Geographical aggregates**\n\n- For most years, we calculate aggregates by summing the population of member countries.\n- We do this based on [our definition of continents](https://ourworldindata.org/world-region-map-definitions#our-world-in-data) and the [World Bank’s income groups](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-bank-income-groups).\n- The only exception is before 1800, where we use HYDE's estimates for continents (but not income groups).\n\nFor most of the years, we've estimated regional aggregates by summing the population of countries in each region. We've relied on [our continents](https://ourworldindata.org/world-region-map-definitions#our-world-in-data) and [World Bank income group definitions](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-bank-income-groups). The only exception is before 1800, where we've used HYDE's estimates on continents (but not income groups).\n\n**World**\n- Before 1800: we use data from HYDE.\n- 1800-1950: we estimate the global population by summing all available countries in the dataset.\n- After 1950, we rely on estimates from the United Nations World Population Prospects.","shortUnit":"","unit":"people","timespan":"-10000-2100","type":"Integer","owidVariableId":953899,"shortName":"population","lastUpdated":"2024-07-15","nextUpdate":"2026-12-15","citationShort":"HYDE (2023); Gapminder (2022); UN WPP (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data","citationLong":"HYDE (2023); Gapminder (2022); UN WPP (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Population” [dataset]. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, “History Database of the Global Environment 3.3”; Gapminder, “Population v7”; United Nations, “World Population Prospects”; United Nations, “World Population Prospects – Interim Update”; Gapminder, “Systema Globalis” [original data].","fullMetadata":"https://api.ourworldindata.org/v1/indicators/953899.metadata.json"},"World region according to OWID":{"titleShort":"World region according to OWID","titleLong":"World region according to OWID","descriptionShort":"Regions defined by Our World in Data, which are used in OWID charts and maps.","unit":"","timespan":"2023-2023","type":"Continent","owidVariableId":900801,"shortName":"owid_region","lastUpdated":"2023-01-01","citationShort":"Our World in Data","citationLong":"Our World in Data. “World region according to OWID” [dataset]. Our World in Data, “Regions” [original data].","fullMetadata":"https://api.ourworldindata.org/v1/indicators/900801.metadata.json"}},"dateDownloaded":"2026-10-31"}